Ensayos de creep bajo atmósfera controlada, diferencias en resultados respecto a ensayos realizados al aire
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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Gerencia de Área Académica. Gerencia Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"; Argentina
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"; Argentina
Resumen
Para evaluar el efecto de la atmósfera sobre el fin de vida útil y estructura-comportamiento de componentes de acero para uso nuclear, se investigó su respuesta viscoelástica mediante ensayos mecánicos en laboratorio. Para esto, se realizaron ensayos de creep hasta rotura a probetas de un acero ferrítico tipo P11 (P: Pipe) en atmósfera oxidante (aire ~70% de N2(g)) y en otra de N2(g). Para esta última, se diseñó y construyó la tecnología neumática ad hoc requerida. Así, los mapas de Ashby facilitaron un análisis preliminar de la versatilidad de dicho diseño, para estimar -previo al ensayo-que las mediciones de alargamiento correspondieran a las de la probeta del material en estudio, y no a una total que las sobreestimara, donde se le sumaren los alargamientos de los demás componentes que sujetan a la probeta, AISI 310S, lo que demandó conocer el tamaño promedio de grano (~5 μm para e P11, ~32 μm para el AISI 310S) y composición química de los aceros; además de establecer un procedimiento para garantizar el flujo constante de N2(g) durante el ensayo de creep. Esto último requirió la puesta en valor y operación de un equipo de alto vacío, que evacuó el aire circundante a la probeta, para asegurar atmósfera sólo de N2(g). Además, se emplearon probetas con secciones transversales de distinta área y geometría, circular (~7 mm2) y rectangular (~6 mm2), para evaluar la influencia de la misma en la respuesta al creep a 597 y 652 °C, y a 69 y 112 MPa, según antecedentes. Así, se indagó en la estructura comportamiento del material mediante, por ejemplo, la velocidad de deformación por creep primario inicial y secundario, obtenida del gráfico deformación vs. tiempo de los ensayos. Como conclusión general, se observó que el acero P11 escurrió más rápido en atmósfera de N2(g), su oxidación resultó prácticamente nula, con superficie de fractura más frágil y creep de menor duración que en aire, en iguales condiciones de ensayo. Finalmente, el tiempo de rotura (tr) resultó en una propiedad mecánica que permitió el análisis preliminar de su predicción, mediante el criterio de Larson Miller.
In order to evaluate the effect of the atmosphere on the lifetime and structure-behavior of steel components for nuclear applications, their viscoelastic response was investigated with mechanical laboratory tests. For this purpose, creep tests were performed to fracture P11 ferritic Steel samples (P: Pipe) in an oxidizing atmosphere (air ~70% N2(g)) and in a N2(g) atmosphere. For this, a required ad hoc pneumatic technology was designed and built, with the implementation and operation of a high vacuum equipment, to set a pure N2(g) constant flow during the creep test. In another way, Ashby diagrams allowed a preliminary analysis about versatility design, in order to estimate -before the test- elongation measurements that corresponded only to those of the material sample, and not to another that overestimate it. This could be due to posible elongations of the material components (AISI 310S stainless steel) that hold the test sample. The average grain size (~5 μm for P11, ~32 μm for AISI 310S) and their chemical compositions were required. In addition, specimens with different cross sections áreas and geometries, circular (~7 mm2) and rectangular (~6 mm2), allowed to evaluate their influence of the creep response at 597 and 652 °C, and at 69 and 112 MPa, according to bibliography. Thus, the structure-behavior of the material was researched considering the strain rate at initial and secondary primary creep stage, valued from the nominal strain vs. time tests graph. As a general conclusion, it was observed that plastic flow of P11 steel in N2(g) atmosphere resulted faster than in air atmosphere, with an oxidation almost non existent, a fragile fracture surface, and a shorter time at break, at the same test conditions. Finally, the time at break (tr) was a mechanical property that allowed a preliminary analysis of its prediction, according to Larson-Miller criterion.
In order to evaluate the effect of the atmosphere on the lifetime and structure-behavior of steel components for nuclear applications, their viscoelastic response was investigated with mechanical laboratory tests. For this purpose, creep tests were performed to fracture P11 ferritic Steel samples (P: Pipe) in an oxidizing atmosphere (air ~70% N2(g)) and in a N2(g) atmosphere. For this, a required ad hoc pneumatic technology was designed and built, with the implementation and operation of a high vacuum equipment, to set a pure N2(g) constant flow during the creep test. In another way, Ashby diagrams allowed a preliminary analysis about versatility design, in order to estimate -before the test- elongation measurements that corresponded only to those of the material sample, and not to another that overestimate it. This could be due to posible elongations of the material components (AISI 310S stainless steel) that hold the test sample. The average grain size (~5 μm for P11, ~32 μm for AISI 310S) and their chemical compositions were required. In addition, specimens with different cross sections áreas and geometries, circular (~7 mm2) and rectangular (~6 mm2), allowed to evaluate their influence of the creep response at 597 and 652 °C, and at 69 and 112 MPa, according to bibliography. Thus, the structure-behavior of the material was researched considering the strain rate at initial and secondary primary creep stage, valued from the nominal strain vs. time tests graph. As a general conclusion, it was observed that plastic flow of P11 steel in N2(g) atmosphere resulted faster than in air atmosphere, with an oxidation almost non existent, a fragile fracture surface, and a shorter time at break, at the same test conditions. Finally, the time at break (tr) was a mechanical property that allowed a preliminary analysis of its prediction, according to Larson-Miller criterion.
