Utilización de las radiaciones ionizantes para el control de la polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área Académica. Gerencia Instituto de Tecnología Nuclear Dan Beninson
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología Nuclear Dan Beninson
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología Nuclear Dan Beninson
Resumen
La polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga originaria de América del Sur y se encuentra distribuida en gran parte de las zonas productoras de tomate (Solanun Lycopersicum Linnaeus) del mundo. En nuestro paías es considerada una de las plagas de mayor importancia económica por los cuantiosos daños que causa. Su control se basa principalmente en el empleo de plaguicidas. El objetivo de esta tesis fue establecer las bases para el desarrollo de la Técnica del Insecto Estéril, mediante el empleo de la Esterilidad Heredada (EH), evaluando el efecto de la radiación gamma sobre la biologia de T. absoluta cuando se aplica en su estado adulto. Los resultados mostraron que con una dosis de 150 Gy, las hembras resultaron totalmente estériles y los machos parcialmente estériles, resultando su descendencia totalmente estéril, por lo cual, se estableció que esta dosis es la adecuada para lograr la EH. Se constató que los individuos irradiados y sus descendientes son capaces de dispersarse por el cultivo y tienen la calidasd adecuada para lograr un significativo nivel de supresión de la población silvestre de T. absoluta cuando son liberados en una proporción de al menos 15:1 de individuos irradiados: no tratados. Se estudiaron dos métodos de diferenciación de los insectos salvajes de los irradiados y a su descendencia F1. El análisis de la morfología de los paquetes eupireno y de los euespermatozoides montró una notoria desorganización de los núcleos del esperma en los insectos irradiados respecto a los controles, la cual es más notable en la F1. Como método alternativo, se stablecieron las condiciones básicas para la implementación de una metodología basada en el análisis del polimorfismo genético causado por la irradiación, utilizando la técnica de Amplificación Aleatoria de ADN Polimórfico - Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (RAPD-PCR). El polimorfismo más notable respecto a los controles se obtuvo utilizando los primeros OP-H9 y OP-A8. Considerando estos resultados, el análisis del polimorfismo del ADN mediante la técnica RAPD-PCR se propone como el método más adecuado para monitorear la presencia de machos irradiados ulteriormente a la liberación en el campo y evaluar la efectividad de la RH para esta plaga.
The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a pest native to South America and is distributed throughout most of the tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Linnaeus) producing areas in the world. In our country, it is considered one of the most economically important pests due to the considerable damage it causes. Its control is based mainly on the use of pesticides. The objective of this thesis was to establish the basis for the development of the Sterile Insect Technique, through the use of Inherited Sterility (EH), evaluating the effect of gamma radiation on the biology of T. absoluta when applied to its adult state. The results showed that with a dose of 150 Gy, females were totally sterile and males were partially sterile, resulting in their offspring totally sterile, thus establishing this dose as the appropriate one to achieve EH. It was found that irradiated individuals and their offspring are capable of dispersing throughout the crop and are of adequate quality to achieve a significant level of suppression of the wild population of T. absoluta when released in a ratio of at least 15:1 of irradiated:untreated individuals. Two methods of differentiating wild insects from irradiated insects and their F1 offspring were studied. Analysis of the morphology of the eupyrene packets and euspermatozoa revealed a notable disorganization of sperm nuclei in irradiated insects compared to controls, which was more noticeable in F1. As an alternative method, basic conditions were established for the implementation of a methodology based on the analysis of genetic polymorphism caused by irradiation, using the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique. The most notable polymorphism compared to controls was obtained using the first OP-H9 and OP-A8. Considering these results, DNA polymorphism analysis using the RAPD-PCR technique is proposed as the most appropriate method for monitoring the presence of irradiated males after release into the field and evaluating the effectiveness of RH for this pest.
The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a pest native to South America and is distributed throughout most of the tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Linnaeus) producing areas in the world. In our country, it is considered one of the most economically important pests due to the considerable damage it causes. Its control is based mainly on the use of pesticides. The objective of this thesis was to establish the basis for the development of the Sterile Insect Technique, through the use of Inherited Sterility (EH), evaluating the effect of gamma radiation on the biology of T. absoluta when applied to its adult state. The results showed that with a dose of 150 Gy, females were totally sterile and males were partially sterile, resulting in their offspring totally sterile, thus establishing this dose as the appropriate one to achieve EH. It was found that irradiated individuals and their offspring are capable of dispersing throughout the crop and are of adequate quality to achieve a significant level of suppression of the wild population of T. absoluta when released in a ratio of at least 15:1 of irradiated:untreated individuals. Two methods of differentiating wild insects from irradiated insects and their F1 offspring were studied. Analysis of the morphology of the eupyrene packets and euspermatozoa revealed a notable disorganization of sperm nuclei in irradiated insects compared to controls, which was more noticeable in F1. As an alternative method, basic conditions were established for the implementation of a methodology based on the analysis of genetic polymorphism caused by irradiation, using the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique. The most notable polymorphism compared to controls was obtained using the first OP-H9 and OP-A8. Considering these results, DNA polymorphism analysis using the RAPD-PCR technique is proposed as the most appropriate method for monitoring the presence of irradiated males after release into the field and evaluating the effectiveness of RH for this pest.