Control de la radiodegradación de polimeros naturales mediante la determinación del peso molecular por medición de viscosidad
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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia Área Académica. Gerencia Instituto Dan Beninson
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología Nuclear Dan Beninson
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología Nuclear Dan Beninson
Resumen
Actualmente se realizan aplicaciones de oligosacáridos en diversos campos, obtenidos mediante la depolimerización de grandes moléculas naturales como los
alginatos, carrageninas, pectinas y quitosanos. Hallan su utilización en diversas disciplinas tales como la producción vegetal, artículos sanitarios, farmacia, cosmética, etc. Dado la diversidad de orígenes de estos materiales, casi todos de origen marino, se vio la necesidad de obtener métodos universales para su reconocimiento y composición, luego de las posibles maneras de obtener su transformación. Un programa centralizado por el OIEA, está promoviendo la utilización de las radiaciones ionizantes para obtener esos cambios. Este trabajo presenta los cálculos realizados para obtener el peso molecular de polisacáridos mediante determinaciones de la viscosidad. Se ha hallado así el peso molecular del alginato de sodio, de la kappa carragenina y del quitosano natural y el de los irradiados con rayos gamma del cobalto 60 con dosis entre 2 y 35 kGy en estado sólido. Se utilizó un viscómetro capilar Cannon tipo Ubbelohde y un protocolo para el procedimiento de cálculo estandarizado para ese fin. Se obtuvieron los tiempos de lectura para el pasaje por el capilar del viscómetro, de distintas concentraciones de las soluciones poliméricas del material virgen y el de los irradiados y a partir de allí se calcularon las viscosidades relativas, específicas, inherentes, reducidas e intrínsecas para luego empleando la relación de MARK- HOUWINK-SAKURADA calcular el peso molecular promedio viscoso de los distintos polímeros. Las modificaciones encontradas en los pesos moleculares por la radiodepolimerización alcanzan a dos órdenes de magnitud dando en algunos casos oligosacáridos de 8-12 unidades monoméricas. Se considera que este método de depolimerización resulta efectivo y económico comparado con los métodos enzimáticos o químicos. El resultado alcanzado con uno de los polímeros (quitosano), forma parte de un ensayo colectivo de normatización de mediciones a nivel internacional, organizado por el OIEA dentro del programa de investigación coordinado denominado: Desarrollo de productos procesados por radiaciones a partir de polímeros naturales para su aplicación en la agricultura, el cuidado de las salud, la industria y el medio ambiente.
Applications are now being made in various fields of oligosaccharides obtained by the depolymerization of large molecules such as natural alginates, carrageenan, pectin and chitosan. Find use in various disciplines such as crop production, sanitation, pharmacy, cosmetics, etc. Given the diversity of origins of these materials, almost all of marine origin, was the need for universal methods for recognition and composition, then the possible ways to get processed. A centralized program by the IAEA is promoting the use of ionizing radiation for these changes. This paper presents the calculations used to obtain the molecular weight of polysaccharides from determinations of viscosity. It has been found the molecular weight of sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan and chitosan irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays at doses between 2 and 35 kGy in solid state. We used a capillary Cannon Viscometer Ubbelohde-type and a protocol for standardized calculation procedure for this purpose. Were obtained reading times for passage through the capillary Viscometer, with various concentrations of polymer solutions of virgin material and the irradiated and from there calculated the relative viscosities, specific, inherent, reduced and intrinsic and then using the ratio of Mark-Houwink-SAKURADA calculate the viscosity average molecular weight of the different polymers. The changes found in the molecular weights by radiodepolimerización reach two orders of magnitude in some cases giving oligosaccharides of 8-12 monomer units. It is considered that this depolymerization method is effective and inexpensive compared to enzymatic or chemical methods. The result achieved with a polymer (chitosan), is part of a collaborative trial of standardization of measurements at the international level organized by the IAEA within the coordinated research program called: Development of Radiation-processed products of Natural Polymers for application in Agriculture, Healthcare, Industry and Environment.
Applications are now being made in various fields of oligosaccharides obtained by the depolymerization of large molecules such as natural alginates, carrageenan, pectin and chitosan. Find use in various disciplines such as crop production, sanitation, pharmacy, cosmetics, etc. Given the diversity of origins of these materials, almost all of marine origin, was the need for universal methods for recognition and composition, then the possible ways to get processed. A centralized program by the IAEA is promoting the use of ionizing radiation for these changes. This paper presents the calculations used to obtain the molecular weight of polysaccharides from determinations of viscosity. It has been found the molecular weight of sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan and chitosan irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays at doses between 2 and 35 kGy in solid state. We used a capillary Cannon Viscometer Ubbelohde-type and a protocol for standardized calculation procedure for this purpose. Were obtained reading times for passage through the capillary Viscometer, with various concentrations of polymer solutions of virgin material and the irradiated and from there calculated the relative viscosities, specific, inherent, reduced and intrinsic and then using the ratio of Mark-Houwink-SAKURADA calculate the viscosity average molecular weight of the different polymers. The changes found in the molecular weights by radiodepolimerización reach two orders of magnitude in some cases giving oligosaccharides of 8-12 monomer units. It is considered that this depolymerization method is effective and inexpensive compared to enzymatic or chemical methods. The result achieved with a polymer (chitosan), is part of a collaborative trial of standardization of measurements at the international level organized by the IAEA within the coordinated research program called: Development of Radiation-processed products of Natural Polymers for application in Agriculture, Healthcare, Industry and Environment.