Mass-dependent anisotropy of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
Cargando...
Fecha
Autores
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Gerencia de Área Académica. Gerencia Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"; Argentina
Department of Physics of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Alemania
Universidad Nacional San Martin. Instituto de Tecnología "Jorge Sabato"; Argentina
Department of Physics of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Alemania
Resumen
El Observatorio Pierre Auger lleva más de 19 años recogiendo datos, alcanzando más de 123.000 km2 sr año de exposición acumulada, con los detectores de superficie distribuidos en 3.000 km2. El descubrimiento más significativo hasta la fecha es la existencia de una estructura dipolar en las direcciones de llegada de los rayos cósmicos, con una amplitud total de aproximadamente el 7%. Esto resulta de la modulación observada en la ascensión recta en el intervalo de energía inclusiva superior a 8 EeV, donde la componente ecuatorial dipolar calculada tiene una significación estadística de 6.8σ. Recientemente se ha observado un patrón dipolar similar en los eventos con energías entre 8 y 16 EeV con una significación estadística de más de 5σ. La colaboración Pierre Auger también ha reportado un aumento de la amplitud del dipolo con la energía. Se entiende que esta anisotropía es de origen extragaláctica, ya que el máximo del dipolo apunta a una dirección alejada ∼115◦ del centro galáctico. En el mismo rango de energía, la evolución observada de la profundidad del máximo desarrollo de la lluvia con la energía indica una progresión hacia una composición más pesada de los rayos cósmicos. En esta tesis presento un método innovador para la búsqueda de anisotropía a gran escala basada en la composición. Por un lado, los eventos más livianos tienen mayor rigidez que sus contrapartes más pesadas; por lo tanto, sus trayectorias se ven menos afectadas por los campos magnéticos galácticos y extragalácticos. El efecto esperado es una mayor anisotropía en la dirección de llegada de un subconjunto de eventos con menor masa y carga que la anisotropía en el flujo total de rayos cósmicos. Por otra parte, la longitud de atenuación es distinta para cada grupo de masa, lo que conduce a diferentes horizontes de fuentes de rayos cósmicos para partículas livianas y pesadas a una energía determinada. Bajo un modelo agnóstico de las fuentes, investigo la amplitud del dipolo en función de la rigidez. Utilizando una biblioteca de simulaciones, analizo la posibilidad de medir una separación en la amplitud total del dipolo entre dos subpoblaciones con distinta massa A del conjunto de datos de Auger Phase I. Después de comprobar el método propuesto, la colaboración Pierre Auger ha aprobado este análisis para utilizar la información de masa en una búsqueda de anisotropía a gran escala. Este nuevo método indica que se puede utilizar un estimador de masa en la búsqueda de anisotropías ya en la Phase I de toma de datos del Observatorio. Observamos una separación en las amplitudes dipolares de dos subconjuntos con distinto A en los datos, lo que indica una dependencia de la amplitud del dipolo medido con la masa/carga. La separación más significativa ocurre en el rango de energía de 8 a 16 EeV. Allí, la probabilidad de que esta suceda por azar cuando ambas poblaciones tienen la misma distribución es de 2.9 × 10−5, lo que corresponde a una significación bilateral de 4,18σ. La información adicional puede ayudar a comprender las posibles fuentes de los rayos cósmicos de ultra-alta energía, ya que para describir con simulaciones las mediciones presentadas aquí se necesita una mayor restricción de las características de las posibles fuentes. Esta y las futuras búsquedas de anisotropía informadas por la masa probablemente se mejorarán en el contexto de Auger Prime, la fase ampliada del Observatorio Pierre Auger. En su segunda fase de toma de datos, las técnicas de detección adicionales mejorarán la sensibilidad del Observatorio a la masa de los rayos cósmicos.
The Pierre Auger Observatory has been collecting data for over 19 years, reaching more than 123.000 km2 sr yr of accumulated exposure, with the surface detectors spread over 3.000 km2. The most significant discovery to this date is a dipole structure on the arrival directions of cosmic rays, with a total amplitude of approximately 7%. This results from the observed modulation in right ascension in the inclusive energy bin above 8 EeV, where the computed dipole equatorial component has a statistical significance of 6.8σ. A similar dipole pattern in the events with energies between 8 and 16 EeV has recently been observed with a statistical significance of over 5σ. The Pierre Auger collaboration has also reported an increase in the dipole amplitude with energy. This anisotropy is understood to be of extra galactic origin, as the maximum of the dipole points to a direction ∼115◦ away from the Galactic center. In the same energy range, the observed evolution of the Depth of maximum shower development with energy indicates a progression towards heavier composition of cosmic rays with increasing energy. In this thesis I present a novel approach to a search for composition-enhanced large-scale anisotropy. On the one hand, lighter events have higher rigidity than their heavier counterparts; therefore, their trajectories are les affected by the Galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. The expected effect is a higher anisotropy in the arrival direction of a subset of events with smaller mass and charge than the anisotropy in the overall flux of cosmic rays. On the other hand, the attenuation length is distinct for each mass group, leading to different horizons of cosmic ray sources for light and heavy particles at a given energy. Under a source agnostic model, I investigate the dipole amplitude as a function of rigidity. Using a simulation library, I analyze the possibility of measuring a separation in total dipole amplitude between two A-distinct sub-populations of the Auger Phase I dataset. After scrutinizing the proposed method, the Pierre Auger collaboration has approved this analysis to unblind the mass information in a search for large-scale anisotropy. This novel approach indicates that a mass estimator can be used in searches for anisotropies already in Phase I of the Observatory data-taking. We have observed a separation in the dipole amplitudes of two A distinct subsets of the data, which indicates a dependency of the measured dipole amplitude on the mass/charge. The most significant separation occurs in the 8 to 16 EeV energy range. There the computed chance probability is 2.9×10−5, corresponding to a two-sided significance of 4.18σ. The additional information can help understand the potential sources of the ultra-high- energy cosmic rays, as a tighter constraint of the plausible source scenarios is needed to describe the measurements presented here. This and future mass-informed anisotropy searches will be potentially improved in the context of AugerPrime, the upgraded stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory. In its second data-taking phase, additional detection techniques will improve the mass-sensitivity of the Observatory.
The Pierre Auger Observatory has been collecting data for over 19 years, reaching more than 123.000 km2 sr yr of accumulated exposure, with the surface detectors spread over 3.000 km2. The most significant discovery to this date is a dipole structure on the arrival directions of cosmic rays, with a total amplitude of approximately 7%. This results from the observed modulation in right ascension in the inclusive energy bin above 8 EeV, where the computed dipole equatorial component has a statistical significance of 6.8σ. A similar dipole pattern in the events with energies between 8 and 16 EeV has recently been observed with a statistical significance of over 5σ. The Pierre Auger collaboration has also reported an increase in the dipole amplitude with energy. This anisotropy is understood to be of extra galactic origin, as the maximum of the dipole points to a direction ∼115◦ away from the Galactic center. In the same energy range, the observed evolution of the Depth of maximum shower development with energy indicates a progression towards heavier composition of cosmic rays with increasing energy. In this thesis I present a novel approach to a search for composition-enhanced large-scale anisotropy. On the one hand, lighter events have higher rigidity than their heavier counterparts; therefore, their trajectories are les affected by the Galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. The expected effect is a higher anisotropy in the arrival direction of a subset of events with smaller mass and charge than the anisotropy in the overall flux of cosmic rays. On the other hand, the attenuation length is distinct for each mass group, leading to different horizons of cosmic ray sources for light and heavy particles at a given energy. Under a source agnostic model, I investigate the dipole amplitude as a function of rigidity. Using a simulation library, I analyze the possibility of measuring a separation in total dipole amplitude between two A-distinct sub-populations of the Auger Phase I dataset. After scrutinizing the proposed method, the Pierre Auger collaboration has approved this analysis to unblind the mass information in a search for large-scale anisotropy. This novel approach indicates that a mass estimator can be used in searches for anisotropies already in Phase I of the Observatory data-taking. We have observed a separation in the dipole amplitudes of two A distinct subsets of the data, which indicates a dependency of the measured dipole amplitude on the mass/charge. The most significant separation occurs in the 8 to 16 EeV energy range. There the computed chance probability is 2.9×10−5, corresponding to a two-sided significance of 4.18σ. The additional information can help understand the potential sources of the ultra-high- energy cosmic rays, as a tighter constraint of the plausible source scenarios is needed to describe the measurements presented here. This and future mass-informed anisotropy searches will be potentially improved in the context of AugerPrime, the upgraded stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory. In its second data-taking phase, additional detection techniques will improve the mass-sensitivity of the Observatory.
