Preconcentration, speciation, and determination of key elements in biological samples in Latin America

Abstract

The concentrations of trace elements in biological samples are far below those achieved directly by most atomic or plasma-based techniques and the detection power needs to be improved by the use of a preconcentration step. In this connection, solid phase extraction (SPE) makes possible the concentration and purification of analytes from solution by their sorption onto a solid sorbent, also improving detection limits. The challenge to determine metallic species in biological samples resides mainly in the complexity of these types of matrices as well as the low concentrations of target elements. Analytical chemistry has provided many solutions to this end, thanks to the development of innovative, sensitive, and selective methods. In recent years, the analysis of key elements in human tissues has gained great interest owing to the role that these elements play in biochemical and physiological processes. Although trace elements constitute a minor part of living tissues, they are important for vital processe.